The pollutants inside a car come largely from gasoline and diesel exhaust fumes and include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde (known or suspected carcinogens), carbon monoxide (which interferes with the blood’s ability to transport oxygen), nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter (both coarse and fine particles). Many of these are especially hazardous for people with respiratory problems or heart disease. Fine particulate matter from heavy traffic can trigger heart attacks and strokes in susceptible people, usually within hours of exposure, studies have shown. But even in healthy people these compounds can affect heart rate and rhythm and other cardiovascular functions as well as increase markers for inflammation and blood clotting. Particulate matter can cause congestion, sinus and throat irritation, and chest discomfort; it can aggravate asthma. Some pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, benzene, and toluene, can also cause drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, and headaches.
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